Business model: (1) single private operator; (2) dual private actor; (3) public ownership, private operation; (4) fully public operator
Business model typology
Fully private operation
Public ownership, private operation
Dual private actor
Publication year of the procurement process
Year
2019
2023
2025
Institution responsible for issuing the procurement process.
Issuing authority
São Paulo Transporte S/A
Agência de Regulação e Controle dos Serviços Públicos de Transporte (Artran)
DTPM + Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications
Language in which the procurement documents are available.
Language
Portuguese
Portuguese
Spanish
Governance
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#401
Brazil
#201
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#401
Belém
#201
Santiago
Entity responsible for provision of bus fleet
Fleet provision
#SP
Private operator
#401
Public authority
#201
Private fleet provider (leasing option allowed)
Entity responsible for operating public transport services.
Operation
#SP
Private operator
#401
Private operator
#201
Private operator
Entity responsible for charging infrastructure deployment and operation.
Charging infrastructure
#SP
Private asset provider (i.e., energy as a service provider) installs under public financing
#401
Charging infrastructure (substations) is installed by the public authority in publicly owned terminals, while charging equipment is supplied by the fleet provider; the electric bus item includes the respective electric charging system.
#201
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Entity responsible for terminals and depots (ownership, upgrades, or operation).
Terminal and depot
#SP
Private operator owns terminals and depots
#401
Terminals and metropolitan depot/garage are provided by the public authority; the system infrastructure is being implemented by the State of Pará.
#201
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Entity responsible for fleet maintenance.
Maintenance
#SP
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
#401
Operator is responsible for fleet maintenance; maintenance workshops and training are provided by the fleet supplier.
#201
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Distribution of functional responsibilities among actors involved in the model.
Functional role distribution*
#SP
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
#401
Unbundled public model
#201
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
How electrification is phased or structured over time in the procurement design.
Electrification trajectory design*
#SP
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
#401
Unbundled public model
#201
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Belém
Santiago
Entity responsible for provision of bus fleet
Fleet provision
Private operator
Public authority
Private fleet provider (leasing option allowed)
Entity responsible for operating public transport services.
Operation
Private operator
Private operator
Private operator
Entity responsible for charging infrastructure deployment and operation.
Charging infrastructure
Private asset provider (i.e., energy as a service provider) installs under public financing
Charging infrastructure (substations) is installed by the public authority in publicly owned terminals, while charging equipment is supplied by the fleet provider; the electric bus item includes the respective electric charging system.
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Entity responsible for terminals and depots (ownership, upgrades, or operation).
Terminal and depot
Private operator owns terminals and depots
Terminals and metropolitan depot/garage are provided by the public authority; the system infrastructure is being implemented by the State of Pará.
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Entity responsible for fleet maintenance.
Maintenance
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Operator is responsible for fleet maintenance; maintenance workshops and training are provided by the fleet supplier.
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Distribution of functional responsibilities among actors involved in the model.
Functional role distribution*
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
Unbundled public model
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
How electrification is phased or structured over time in the procurement design.
Electrification trajectory design*
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
Unbundled public model
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
CAPEX Structure
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#401
Brazil
#201
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#401
Belém
#201
Santiago
Minimum fleet size and key vehicle specification requirements described in the procurement.
Minimum fleet size specifications
#SP
Not publicly available
#401
265 buses total: Item A – 92 diesel Padron; Item B – 133 diesel Conventional; Item C – 40 electric buses.
#201
3 size categories (8–11m; 11–14m; 14–18m)
How the procurement defines or requires the inclusion of electric vehicles (e.g., percentage of total fleet, categories affected)
Electric requirement
#SP
—
#401
—
#201
—
Warranty requirements for vehicles, batteries, or systems when disclosed.
Warranty requirements
#SP
Not publicly available
#401
Manufacturing defect warranty from definitive receipt; minimum technical warranty: powertrain 2 years, chassis components 1 year, body/SCO onboard components 1 year, air-conditioning system 1 year; repairs or replacements within 7 days after activation.
#201
Not applicable (operation contract)
Main source of CAPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
CAPEX payment or revenue source
#SP
Private operator, but SPTrans subsidizes a percentage equivalent to the difference in value between a diesel bus and an electric bus.
#401
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; training; charging infrastructure acquisition.
#201
System-financed through fleet provision contract
CAPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
CAPEX payment or revenue values
#SP
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.1% on invested capital*
#401
Maximum reference cost of BRL 1,214,800.00 per Category A vehicle; BRL 1,012,000.00 per Category B; BRL 3,069,264.00 per Category C.
#201
Not publicly available
How residual value risk of assets is allocated among stakeholders.
Asset residual value risk allocation*
#SP
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#401
Public authority (inferred)
#201
Private fleet provider (inferred)
How battery degradation risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Battery degradation risk allocation*
#SP
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#401
Manufacturer / public authority (shared, inferred)
#201
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Primary source of financing for the fleet or infrastructure investments.
Source of financing*
#SP
Shared (private and public)
#401
Operator (inferred)
#201
Operator (inferred)
Currency denomination and risk-sharing structure for payments or contracts.
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Belém
Santiago
Minimum fleet size and key vehicle specification requirements described in the procurement.
Minimum fleet size specifications
Not publicly available
265 buses total: Item A – 92 diesel Padron; Item B – 133 diesel Conventional; Item C – 40 electric buses.
3 size categories (8–11m; 11–14m; 14–18m)
How the procurement defines or requires the inclusion of electric vehicles (e.g., percentage of total fleet, categories affected)
Electric requirement
—
—
—
Warranty requirements for vehicles, batteries, or systems when disclosed.
Warranty requirements
Not publicly available
Manufacturing defect warranty from definitive receipt; minimum technical warranty: powertrain 2 years, chassis components 1 year, body/SCO onboard components 1 year, air-conditioning system 1 year; repairs or replacements within 7 days after activation.
Not applicable (operation contract)
Main source of CAPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
CAPEX payment or revenue source
Private operator, but SPTrans subsidizes a percentage equivalent to the difference in value between a diesel bus and an electric bus.
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; training; charging infrastructure acquisition.
System-financed through fleet provision contract
CAPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
CAPEX payment or revenue values
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.1% on invested capital*
Maximum reference cost of BRL 1,214,800.00 per Category A vehicle; BRL 1,012,000.00 per Category B; BRL 3,069,264.00 per Category C.
Not publicly available
How residual value risk of assets is allocated among stakeholders.
Asset residual value risk allocation*
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Public authority (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
How battery degradation risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Battery degradation risk allocation*
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Manufacturer / public authority (shared, inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Primary source of financing for the fleet or infrastructure investments.
Source of financing*
Shared (private and public)
Operator (inferred)
Operator (inferred)
Currency denomination and risk-sharing structure for payments or contracts.
Currency exposure structure*
Not specified (likely local currency – R$/BRL)
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
OPEX & Operational Structure
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#401
Brazil
#201
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#401
Belém
#201
Santiago
Main source of OPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
OPEX payment or revenue source
#SP
Public payment (gross cost contract – operator paid per km, revenue centrally collected)
#401
Not publicly available
#201
Payment per km operated (system)
OPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
OPEX payment or revenue values
#SP
Defined as R$/km (remuneration fare), periodically adjusted; varies by fleet type and cost structure
#401
Not publicly disclosed
#201
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 2,350 (≈ USD 2.47, as of 01 Oct 2025) per km operated by diesel buses and CLP 1,850 (≈ USD 1.94) per km by electric buses; fixed remuneration of CLP 200 (≈ USD 0.21) per passenger transported
Requirement for air conditioning in the vehicles, if specified
Air conditioning requirement
#SP
Required (inferred)
#401
Required. Diesel Padron requires air refrigeration ≥165,000 BTU installed on the roof; diesel Conventional requires ≥130,000 BTU installed on the roof; technical warranty also explicitly covers the climatization system.
#201
Required for new buses
Minimum technical requirements for batteries and charging systems: autonomy, charging time, and charging type (slow, opportunity)
Battery charging specifications
#SP
Not publicly available
#401
Not specified in the provided excerpts beyond inclusion of the respective electric charging system for Item C.
#201
200 km / 50 km; 3h / 9 min
How energy price risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Energy price risk allocation*
#SP
Operator bears energy price risk (inferred)
#401
Not publicly available
#201
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Charging model adopted in the procurement (e.g., depot charging, opportunity charging).
Charging model type*
#SP
Energy-as-a-service model: a private provider installs and operates charging infrastructure in operator depots, with service payments structured under public financing mechanisms.
#401
Hybrid charging model: public authority provides core charging infrastructure/substations in public terminals, while the supplier provides charging equipment/system for the electric buses.
#201
Fleet provider-led charging model (infrastructure installed by fleet provider; system may finance upgrades)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Belém
Santiago
Main source of OPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
OPEX payment or revenue source
Public payment (gross cost contract – operator paid per km, revenue centrally collected)
Not publicly available
Payment per km operated (system)
OPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
OPEX payment or revenue values
Defined as R$/km (remuneration fare), periodically adjusted; varies by fleet type and cost structure
Not publicly disclosed
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 2,350 (≈ USD 2.47, as of 01 Oct 2025) per km operated by diesel buses and CLP 1,850 (≈ USD 1.94) per km by electric buses; fixed remuneration of CLP 200 (≈ USD 0.21) per passenger transported
Requirement for air conditioning in the vehicles, if specified
Air conditioning requirement
Required (inferred)
Required. Diesel Padron requires air refrigeration ≥165,000 BTU installed on the roof; diesel Conventional requires ≥130,000 BTU installed on the roof; technical warranty also explicitly covers the climatization system.
Required for new buses
Minimum technical requirements for batteries and charging systems: autonomy, charging time, and charging type (slow, opportunity)
Battery charging specifications
Not publicly available
Not specified in the provided excerpts beyond inclusion of the respective electric charging system for Item C.
200 km / 50 km; 3h / 9 min
How energy price risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Energy price risk allocation*
Operator bears energy price risk (inferred)
Not publicly available
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Charging model adopted in the procurement (e.g., depot charging, opportunity charging).
Charging model type*
Energy-as-a-service model: a private provider installs and operates charging infrastructure in operator depots, with service payments structured under public financing mechanisms.
Hybrid charging model: public authority provides core charging infrastructure/substations in public terminals, while the supplier provides charging equipment/system for the electric buses.
Fleet provider-led charging model (infrastructure installed by fleet provider; system may finance upgrades)