Business model: (1) single private operator; (2) dual private actor; (3) public ownership, private operation; (4) fully public operator
Business model typology
Fully private operation
Public ownership, private operation
Public ownership, private operation
Dual private actor
Publication year of the procurement process
Year
2019
2025
2024
2019
Institution responsible for issuing the procurement process.
Issuing authority
São Paulo Transporte S/A
Agência de Regulação e Controle dos Serviços Públicos de Transporte (Artran)
Urbanizadora Municipal S.A. (Urbam)
DTPM + Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications
Language in which the procurement documents are available.
Language
Portuguese
Portuguese
Portuguese
Spanish
Governance
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#402
Brazil
#441
Brazil
#203
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#402
Belém
#441
São José dos Campos
#203
Santiago
Entity responsible for provision of bus fleet
Fleet provision
#SP
Private operator
#402
Public authority (operator must use publicly provided fleet)
#441
Private fleet leaser, public ownership
#203
Private fleet provider
Entity responsible for operating public transport services.
Operation
#SP
Private operator
#402
Private operator
#441
Private operator
#203
Private operator
Entity responsible for charging infrastructure deployment and operation.
Charging infrastructure
#SP
Private asset provider (i.e., energy as a service provider) installs under public financing
#402
Charging infrastructure (substations) installed by public authority in public terminals; charging equipment supplied via fleet procurement; operator responsible for operation/use
#441
Charging infrastructure is installed and maintained by the public authority
#203
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Entity responsible for terminals and depots (ownership, upgrades, or operation).
Terminal and depot
#SP
Private operator owns terminals and depots
#402
Provided by public authority
#441
Unspecified
#203
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Entity responsible for fleet maintenance.
Maintenance
#SP
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
#402
Operator responsible for fleet maintenance; supplier provides technical support/training
#441
Fleet leaser is responsible for fleet maintenance
#203
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Distribution of functional responsibilities among actors involved in the model.
Functional role distribution*
#SP
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
#402
Unbundled public model
#441
Unbundled model
#203
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
How electrification is phased or structured over time in the procurement design.
Electrification trajectory design*
#SP
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
#402
Unbundled public model
#441
Unbundled model
#203
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Belém
São José dos Campos
Santiago
Entity responsible for provision of bus fleet
Fleet provision
Private operator
Public authority (operator must use publicly provided fleet)
Private fleet leaser, public ownership
Private fleet provider
Entity responsible for operating public transport services.
Operation
Private operator
Private operator
Private operator
Private operator
Entity responsible for charging infrastructure deployment and operation.
Charging infrastructure
Private asset provider (i.e., energy as a service provider) installs under public financing
Charging infrastructure (substations) installed by public authority in public terminals; charging equipment supplied via fleet procurement; operator responsible for operation/use
Charging infrastructure is installed and maintained by the public authority
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Entity responsible for terminals and depots (ownership, upgrades, or operation).
Terminal and depot
Private operator owns terminals and depots
Provided by public authority
Unspecified
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Entity responsible for fleet maintenance.
Maintenance
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Operator responsible for fleet maintenance; supplier provides technical support/training
Fleet leaser is responsible for fleet maintenance
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Distribution of functional responsibilities among actors involved in the model.
Functional role distribution*
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
Unbundled public model
Unbundled model
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
How electrification is phased or structured over time in the procurement design.
Electrification trajectory design*
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
Unbundled public model
Unbundled model
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
CAPEX Structure
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#402
Brazil
#441
Brazil
#203
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#402
Belém
#441
São José dos Campos
#203
Santiago
Minimum fleet size and key vehicle specification requirements described in the procurement.
Minimum fleet size specifications
#SP
Not publicly available
#402
Not specified (defined in fleet procurement – ID 401)
How the procurement defines or requires the inclusion of electric vehicles (e.g., percentage of total fleet, categories affected)
Electric requirement
#SP
—
#402
—
#441
All vehicles must be electric
#203
—
Warranty requirements for vehicles, batteries, or systems when disclosed.
Warranty requirements
#SP
Not publicly available
#402
Not applicable to operation procurement
#441
Bid-defined warranty
#203
Not applicable (operation contract)
Main source of CAPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
CAPEX payment or revenue source
#SP
Private operator, but SPTrans subsidizes a percentage equivalent to the difference in value between a diesel bus and an electric bus.
#402
Not applicable (CAPEX handled via separate fleet procurement)
#441
Public remuneration per: vehicle leasing; vehicle maintenance
#203
Public remuneration per: kilometer travelled; passenger transported. If needed, additional remuneration for terminal improvements and additional charging infrastructure
CAPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
CAPEX payment or revenue values
#SP
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.1% on invested capital*
#402
Not applicable
#441
Monthly rental cost per vehicle: Category A – BRL 31,874.52 (≈ USD 5,897.02); Category B – BRL 37,657.45 (≈ USD 6,966.90); Category C – BRL 56,018.98 (≈ USD 10,363.91). (Exchange rate as of 01 Oct 2025)
#203
Not publicly available
How residual value risk of assets is allocated among stakeholders.
Asset residual value risk allocation*
#SP
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#402
Public authority (inferred)
#441
Leasing company (inferred)
#203
Private fleet provider (inferred)
How battery degradation risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Battery degradation risk allocation*
#SP
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#402
Public authority (inferred)
#441
Leasing company (inferred)
#203
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Primary source of financing for the fleet or infrastructure investments.
Source of financing*
#SP
Shared (private and public)
#402
Operator (inferred)
#441
Public authority (inferred)
#203
Operator (inferred)
Currency denomination and risk-sharing structure for payments or contracts.
Currency exposure structure*
#SP
Not specified (likely local currency – R$/BRL)
#402
Not specified
#441
Not publicly available
#203
Mixed currency structure (CLP, UF and USD allowed with conversion mechanisms)
How the procurement defines or requires the inclusion of electric vehicles (e.g., percentage of total fleet, categories affected)
Electric requirement
—
—
All vehicles must be electric
—
Warranty requirements for vehicles, batteries, or systems when disclosed.
Warranty requirements
Not publicly available
Not applicable to operation procurement
Bid-defined warranty
Not applicable (operation contract)
Main source of CAPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
CAPEX payment or revenue source
Private operator, but SPTrans subsidizes a percentage equivalent to the difference in value between a diesel bus and an electric bus.
Not applicable (CAPEX handled via separate fleet procurement)
Public remuneration per: vehicle leasing; vehicle maintenance
Public remuneration per: kilometer travelled; passenger transported. If needed, additional remuneration for terminal improvements and additional charging infrastructure
CAPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
CAPEX payment or revenue values
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.1% on invested capital*
Not applicable
Monthly rental cost per vehicle: Category A – BRL 31,874.52 (≈ USD 5,897.02); Category B – BRL 37,657.45 (≈ USD 6,966.90); Category C – BRL 56,018.98 (≈ USD 10,363.91). (Exchange rate as of 01 Oct 2025)
Not publicly available
How residual value risk of assets is allocated among stakeholders.
Asset residual value risk allocation*
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Public authority (inferred)
Leasing company (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
How battery degradation risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Battery degradation risk allocation*
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Public authority (inferred)
Leasing company (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Primary source of financing for the fleet or infrastructure investments.
Source of financing*
Shared (private and public)
Operator (inferred)
Public authority (inferred)
Operator (inferred)
Currency denomination and risk-sharing structure for payments or contracts.
Currency exposure structure*
Not specified (likely local currency – R$/BRL)
Not specified
Not publicly available
Mixed currency structure (CLP, UF and USD allowed with conversion mechanisms)
OPEX & Operational Structure
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#402
Brazil
#441
Brazil
#203
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#402
Belém
#441
São José dos Campos
#203
Santiago
Main source of OPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
OPEX payment or revenue source
#SP
Public payment (gross cost contract – operator paid per km, revenue centrally collected)
#402
Public remuneration per passenger transported
#441
Public remuneration per: vehicle maintenance
#203
Payment per km operated (system)
OPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
OPEX payment or revenue values
#SP
Defined as R$/km (remuneration fare), periodically adjusted; varies by fleet type and cost structure
#402
Maximum reference remuneration of BRL 3.76 per passenger transported
#441
Monthly maintenance cost per vehicle: Category A – BRL 4,462.43 (≈ USD 825.58); Category B – BRL 4,895.47 (≈ USD 905.70); Category C – BRL 6,722.28 (≈ USD 1,243.67). (Exchange rate as of 01 Oct 2025)
#203
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 1,260 per km (diesel) and CLP 950 per km (electric); CLP 150 per passenger
Requirement for air conditioning in the vehicles, if specified
Air conditioning requirement
#SP
Required (inferred)
#402
Not required
#441
Required
#203
Not required
Minimum technical requirements for batteries and charging systems: autonomy, charging time, and charging type (slow, opportunity)
Battery charging specifications
#SP
Not publicly available
#402
Not publicly available
#441
Minimum autonomy of 220 kilometers for Category A, 210 kilometers for Category B, and 200 kilometers for Category C vehicles
#203
Unspecified; specifications defined in fleet provision procurement
How energy price risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Energy price risk allocation*
#SP
Operator bears energy price risk (inferred)
#402
Not publicly available
#441
Not publicly available
#203
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Charging model adopted in the procurement (e.g., depot charging, opportunity charging).
Charging model type*
#SP
Energy-as-a-service model: a private provider installs and operates charging infrastructure in operator depots, with service payments structured under public financing mechanisms.
#402
Public infrastructure model: charging infrastructure publicly provided; operator uses system without CAPEX responsibility
#441
Not publicly available
#203
Operator / supplier-led charging model (infrastructure proposed by bidders and installed in public terminals; compensated via dedicated payment component)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Belém
São José dos Campos
Santiago
Main source of OPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
OPEX payment or revenue source
Public payment (gross cost contract – operator paid per km, revenue centrally collected)
Public remuneration per passenger transported
Public remuneration per: vehicle maintenance
Payment per km operated (system)
OPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
OPEX payment or revenue values
Defined as R$/km (remuneration fare), periodically adjusted; varies by fleet type and cost structure
Maximum reference remuneration of BRL 3.76 per passenger transported
Monthly maintenance cost per vehicle: Category A – BRL 4,462.43 (≈ USD 825.58); Category B – BRL 4,895.47 (≈ USD 905.70); Category C – BRL 6,722.28 (≈ USD 1,243.67). (Exchange rate as of 01 Oct 2025)
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 1,260 per km (diesel) and CLP 950 per km (electric); CLP 150 per passenger
Requirement for air conditioning in the vehicles, if specified
Air conditioning requirement
Required (inferred)
Not required
Required
Not required
Minimum technical requirements for batteries and charging systems: autonomy, charging time, and charging type (slow, opportunity)
Battery charging specifications
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
Minimum autonomy of 220 kilometers for Category A, 210 kilometers for Category B, and 200 kilometers for Category C vehicles
Unspecified; specifications defined in fleet provision procurement
How energy price risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Energy price risk allocation*
Operator bears energy price risk (inferred)
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Charging model adopted in the procurement (e.g., depot charging, opportunity charging).
Charging model type*
Energy-as-a-service model: a private provider installs and operates charging infrastructure in operator depots, with service payments structured under public financing mechanisms.
Public infrastructure model: charging infrastructure publicly provided; operator uses system without CAPEX responsibility
Not publicly available
Operator / supplier-led charging model (infrastructure proposed by bidders and installed in public terminals; compensated via dedicated payment component)