Business model: (1) single private operator; (2) dual private actor; (3) public ownership, private operation; (4) fully public operator
Business model typology
Fully private operation
Fully public operator
Fully public operator
Public ownership, private operation
Public ownership, private operation
Dual private actor
Dual private actor
Dual private actor
Publication year of the procurement process
Year
2019
2025
2025
2025
2023
2019
2019
2023
Institution responsible for issuing the procurement process.
Issuing authority
São Paulo Transporte S/A
Servicio de Transportes Eléctricos (STE)
Red de Transporte de Pasajeros (RTP)
Agência de Regulação e Controle dos Serviços Públicos de Transporte (Artran)
Agência de Regulação e Controle dos Serviços Públicos de Transporte (Artran)
DTPM + Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications
DTPM + Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications
DTPM + Ministry of Transport and Telecommunications
Language in which the procurement documents are available.
Language
Portuguese
Spanish
Spanish
Portuguese
Portuguese
Spanish
Spanish
Spanish
Governance
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#603
México
#601
México
#402
Brazil
#401
Brazil
#204
Chile
#203
Chile
#202
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#603
Mexico City
#601
Mexico City
#402
Belém
#401
Belém
#204
Santiago
#203
Santiago
#202
Santiago
Entity responsible for provision of bus fleet
Fleet provision
#SP
Private operator
#603
Public authority
#601
Public authority
#402
Public authority (operator must use publicly provided fleet)
#401
Public authority
#204
Private fleet provider
#203
Private fleet provider
#202
Private fleet provider (leasing option allowed)
Entity responsible for operating public transport services.
Operation
#SP
Private operator
#603
Public operator (STE)
#601
Public operator (RTP)
#402
Private operator
#401
Private operator
#204
Private operator
#203
Private operator
#202
Private operator
Entity responsible for charging infrastructure deployment and operation.
Charging infrastructure
#SP
Private asset provider (i.e., energy as a service provider) installs under public financing
#603
Charging infrastructure (for trolleybuses) is installed and maintained by the public authority
#601
Charging infrastructure is installed by the fleet supplier in publicly owned terminals
#402
Charging infrastructure (substations) installed by public authority in public terminals; charging equipment supplied via fleet procurement; operator responsible for operation/use
#401
Charging infrastructure (substations) is installed by the public authority in publicly owned terminals, while charging equipment is supplied by the fleet provider; the electric bus item includes the respective electric charging system.
#204
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
#203
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
#202
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Entity responsible for terminals and depots (ownership, upgrades, or operation).
Terminal and depot
#SP
Private operator owns terminals and depots
#603
Public authority
#601
Public authority
#402
Provided by public authority
#401
Terminals and metropolitan depot/garage are provided by the public authority; the system infrastructure is being implemented by the State of Pará.
#204
Provided by DTPM
#203
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
#202
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Entity responsible for fleet maintenance.
Maintenance
#SP
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
#603
Public authority
#601
Public authority is responsible for fleet maintenance
#402
Operator responsible for fleet maintenance; supplier provides technical support/training
#401
Operator is responsible for fleet maintenance; maintenance workshops and training are provided by the fleet supplier.
#204
Same
#203
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
#202
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Distribution of functional responsibilities among actors involved in the model.
Functional role distribution*
#SP
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
#603
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
#601
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
#402
Unbundled public model
#401
Unbundled public model
#204
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
#203
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
#202
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
How electrification is phased or structured over time in the procurement design.
Electrification trajectory design*
#SP
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
#603
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
#601
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
#402
Unbundled public model
#401
Unbundled public model
#204
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
#203
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
#202
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Mexico City
Mexico City
Belém
Belém
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Entity responsible for provision of bus fleet
Fleet provision
Private operator
Public authority
Public authority
Public authority (operator must use publicly provided fleet)
Public authority
Private fleet provider
Private fleet provider
Private fleet provider (leasing option allowed)
Entity responsible for operating public transport services.
Operation
Private operator
Public operator (STE)
Public operator (RTP)
Private operator
Private operator
Private operator
Private operator
Private operator
Entity responsible for charging infrastructure deployment and operation.
Charging infrastructure
Private asset provider (i.e., energy as a service provider) installs under public financing
Charging infrastructure (for trolleybuses) is installed and maintained by the public authority
Charging infrastructure is installed by the fleet supplier in publicly owned terminals
Charging infrastructure (substations) installed by public authority in public terminals; charging equipment supplied via fleet procurement; operator responsible for operation/use
Charging infrastructure (substations) is installed by the public authority in publicly owned terminals, while charging equipment is supplied by the fleet provider; the electric bus item includes the respective electric charging system.
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Fleet provider installs; upgrades possible (system-financed)
Entity responsible for terminals and depots (ownership, upgrades, or operation).
Terminal and depot
Private operator owns terminals and depots
Public authority
Public authority
Provided by public authority
Terminals and metropolitan depot/garage are provided by the public authority; the system infrastructure is being implemented by the State of Pará.
Provided by DTPM
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Provided by DTPM; upgrades may be proposed and financed by the system
Entity responsible for fleet maintenance.
Maintenance
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Public authority
Public authority is responsible for fleet maintenance
Operator responsible for fleet maintenance; supplier provides technical support/training
Operator is responsible for fleet maintenance; maintenance workshops and training are provided by the fleet supplier.
Same
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Operator responsible under fleet provider supervision
Distribution of functional responsibilities among actors involved in the model.
Functional role distribution*
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
Unbundled public model
Unbundled public model
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
How electrification is phased or structured over time in the procurement design.
Electrification trajectory design*
Fully integrated private model (private operator procures, owns and operates fleet)
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
Fully integrated public model (public authority procures, owns and operates fleet)
Unbundled public model
Unbundled public model
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
Unbundled model (fleet provider, operator and authority with distinct roles)
CAPEX Structure
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#603
México
#601
México
#402
Brazil
#401
Brazil
#204
Chile
#203
Chile
#202
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#603
Mexico City
#601
Mexico City
#402
Belém
#401
Belém
#204
Santiago
#203
Santiago
#202
Santiago
Minimum fleet size and key vehicle specification requirements described in the procurement.
Minimum fleet size specifications
#SP
Not publicly available
#603
19 vehicles: 12m, >85 passengers
#601
10 vehicles
#402
Not specified (defined in fleet procurement – ID 401)
#401
265 buses total: Item A – 92 diesel Padron; Item B – 133 diesel Conventional; Item C – 40 electric buses.
#204
300 / 1,370 / 360 vehicles by size
#203
3 size categories (8–11m; 11–14m; 14–18m)
#202
3 size categories (8–11m; 11–14m; 14–18m)
How the procurement defines or requires the inclusion of electric vehicles (e.g., percentage of total fleet, categories affected)
Electric requirement
#SP
—
#603
—
#601
—
#402
—
#401
—
#204
—
#203
—
#202
—
Warranty requirements for vehicles, batteries, or systems when disclosed.
Warranty requirements
#SP
Not publicly available
#603
1 year for vehicle; 8 years for battery; other components vary
#601
2 years / 150,000 km (vehicle); 8 years / 800,000 km (battery)
#402
Not applicable to operation procurement
#401
Manufacturing defect warranty from definitive receipt; minimum technical warranty: powertrain 2 years, chassis components 1 year, body/SCO onboard components 1 year, air-conditioning system 1 year; repairs or replacements within 7 days after activation.
#204
Not publicly disclosed
#203
Not applicable (operation contract)
#202
Not applicable (operation contract)
Main source of CAPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
CAPEX payment or revenue source
#SP
Private operator, but SPTrans subsidizes a percentage equivalent to the difference in value between a diesel bus and an electric bus.
#603
Public budget (government-funded procurement)
#601
Public budget (government-funded procurement)
#402
Not applicable (CAPEX handled via separate fleet procurement)
#401
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; training; charging infrastructure acquisition.
#204
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; maintenance compliance certification
#203
Public remuneration per: kilometer travelled; passenger transported. If needed, additional remuneration for terminal improvements and additional charging infrastructure
#202
Public remuneration structure; additional items may include vehicle acquisition, terminal improvements and charging infrastructure
CAPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
CAPEX payment or revenue values
#SP
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.1% on invested capital*
#603
Not publicly available
#601
Not publicly available
#402
Not applicable
#401
Maximum reference cost of BRL 1,214,800.00 per Category A vehicle; BRL 1,012,000.00 per Category B; BRL 3,069,264.00 per Category C.
#204
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal. Electric buses are paid in 168 monthly installments, and diesel buses in 120. Number of installments determines contract duration
#203
Not publicly available
#202
Not publicly available
How residual value risk of assets is allocated among stakeholders.
Asset residual value risk allocation*
#SP
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#603
Public
#601
Public
#402
Public authority (inferred)
#401
Public authority (inferred)
#204
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#203
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#202
Private fleet provider (inferred)
How battery degradation risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Battery degradation risk allocation*
#SP
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#603
Manufacturer / public authority (shared)
#601
Manufacturer / public authority (shared)
#402
Public authority (inferred)
#401
Manufacturer / public authority (shared, inferred)
#204
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#203
Private fleet provider (inferred)
#202
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Primary source of financing for the fleet or infrastructure investments.
Source of financing*
#SP
Shared (private and public)
#603
Public
#601
Public
#402
Operator (inferred)
#401
Operator (inferred)
#204
Operator (inferred)
#203
Operator (inferred)
#202
Operator (inferred)
Currency denomination and risk-sharing structure for payments or contracts.
Currency exposure structure*
#SP
Not specified (likely local currency – R$/BRL)
#603
Not specified (likely local currency – MXN)
#601
Not specified (likely local currency – MXN)
#402
Not specified
#401
Not publicly available
#204
Not publicly available
#203
Mixed currency structure (CLP, UF and USD allowed with conversion mechanisms)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Mexico City
Mexico City
Belém
Belém
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Minimum fleet size and key vehicle specification requirements described in the procurement.
Minimum fleet size specifications
Not publicly available
19 vehicles: 12m, >85 passengers
10 vehicles
Not specified (defined in fleet procurement – ID 401)
265 buses total: Item A – 92 diesel Padron; Item B – 133 diesel Conventional; Item C – 40 electric buses.
300 / 1,370 / 360 vehicles by size
3 size categories (8–11m; 11–14m; 14–18m)
3 size categories (8–11m; 11–14m; 14–18m)
How the procurement defines or requires the inclusion of electric vehicles (e.g., percentage of total fleet, categories affected)
Electric requirement
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Warranty requirements for vehicles, batteries, or systems when disclosed.
Warranty requirements
Not publicly available
1 year for vehicle; 8 years for battery; other components vary
2 years / 150,000 km (vehicle); 8 years / 800,000 km (battery)
Not applicable to operation procurement
Manufacturing defect warranty from definitive receipt; minimum technical warranty: powertrain 2 years, chassis components 1 year, body/SCO onboard components 1 year, air-conditioning system 1 year; repairs or replacements within 7 days after activation.
Not publicly disclosed
Not applicable (operation contract)
Not applicable (operation contract)
Main source of CAPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
CAPEX payment or revenue source
Private operator, but SPTrans subsidizes a percentage equivalent to the difference in value between a diesel bus and an electric bus.
Public budget (government-funded procurement)
Public budget (government-funded procurement)
Not applicable (CAPEX handled via separate fleet procurement)
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; training; charging infrastructure acquisition.
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; maintenance compliance certification
Public remuneration per: kilometer travelled; passenger transported. If needed, additional remuneration for terminal improvements and additional charging infrastructure
Public remuneration structure; additional items may include vehicle acquisition, terminal improvements and charging infrastructure
CAPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
CAPEX payment or revenue values
Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 9.1% on invested capital*
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
Not applicable
Maximum reference cost of BRL 1,214,800.00 per Category A vehicle; BRL 1,012,000.00 per Category B; BRL 3,069,264.00 per Category C.
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal. Electric buses are paid in 168 monthly installments, and diesel buses in 120. Number of installments determines contract duration
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
How residual value risk of assets is allocated among stakeholders.
Asset residual value risk allocation*
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Public
Public
Public authority (inferred)
Public authority (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
How battery degradation risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Battery degradation risk allocation*
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Manufacturer / public authority (shared)
Manufacturer / public authority (shared)
Public authority (inferred)
Manufacturer / public authority (shared, inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Private fleet provider (inferred)
Primary source of financing for the fleet or infrastructure investments.
Source of financing*
Shared (private and public)
Public
Public
Operator (inferred)
Operator (inferred)
Operator (inferred)
Operator (inferred)
Operator (inferred)
Currency denomination and risk-sharing structure for payments or contracts.
Currency exposure structure*
Not specified (likely local currency – R$/BRL)
Not specified (likely local currency – MXN)
Not specified (likely local currency – MXN)
Not specified
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
Mixed currency structure (CLP, UF and USD allowed with conversion mechanisms)
Not publicly available
OPEX & Operational Structure
Country name
Country
#SP
Brazil
#603
México
#601
México
#402
Brazil
#401
Brazil
#204
Chile
#203
Chile
#202
Chile
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
#SP
São Paulo
#603
Mexico City
#601
Mexico City
#402
Belém
#401
Belém
#204
Santiago
#203
Santiago
#202
Santiago
Main source of OPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
OPEX payment or revenue source
#SP
Public payment (gross cost contract – operator paid per km, revenue centrally collected)
#603
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition
#601
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; charging infrastructure acquisiton
#402
Public remuneration per passenger transported
#401
Not publicly available
#204
Not applicable
#203
Payment per km operated (system)
#202
Payment per km operated (system)
OPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
OPEX payment or revenue values
#SP
Defined as R$/km (remuneration fare), periodically adjusted; varies by fleet type and cost structure
#603
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal; final cost of procurement not yet disclosed
#601
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal; final cost of procurement not yet disclosed
#402
Maximum reference remuneration of BRL 3.76 per passenger transported
#401
Not publicly disclosed
#204
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal. Electric buses are paid in 168 monthly installments, and diesel buses in 120. Number of installments determines contract duration
#203
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 1,260 per km (diesel) and CLP 950 per km (electric); CLP 150 per passenger
#202
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 2,550 (≈ USD 2.68, as of 01 Oct 2025) per km operated by diesel buses and CLP 1,530 (≈1.61 USD ) per km by electric buses; fixed remuneration of CLP 150 (≈ USD 0.16) per passenger transported
Requirement for air conditioning in the vehicles, if specified
Air conditioning requirement
#SP
Required (inferred)
#603
Not required
#601
Not required
#402
Not required
#401
Required. Diesel Padron requires air refrigeration ≥165,000 BTU installed on the roof; diesel Conventional requires ≥130,000 BTU installed on the roof; technical warranty also explicitly covers the climatization system.
#204
Recommended
#203
Not required
#202
Required for new buses
Minimum technical requirements for batteries and charging systems: autonomy, charging time, and charging type (slow, opportunity)
Battery charging specifications
#SP
Not publicly available
#603
Minimum autonomy of 70 kilometers
#601
Minimum autonomy of 300 km
#402
Not publicly available
#401
Not specified in the provided excerpts beyond inclusion of the respective electric charging system for Item C.
#204
215 km / 50 km; 5h / 9 min
#203
Unspecified; specifications defined in fleet provision procurement
#202
200 km (slow) / 50 km (opportunity); 5h (slow) / 9 min (opportunity)
How energy price risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Energy price risk allocation*
#SP
Operator bears energy price risk (inferred)
#603
Public authority (as operator and energy purchaser)
#601
Public authority (as operator and energy purchaser)
#402
Not publicly available
#401
Not publicly available
#204
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
#203
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
#202
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Charging model adopted in the procurement (e.g., depot charging, opportunity charging).
Charging model type*
#SP
Energy-as-a-service model: a private provider installs and operates charging infrastructure in operator depots, with service payments structured under public financing mechanisms.
#603
Not publicly disclosed
#601
Not publicly disclosed
#402
Public infrastructure model: charging infrastructure publicly provided; operator uses system without CAPEX responsibility
#401
Hybrid charging model: public authority provides core charging infrastructure/substations in public terminals, while the supplier provides charging equipment/system for the electric buses.
#204
Operator / supplier-led charging model (infrastructure proposed by bidders and installed in public terminals; compensated via dedicated payment component)
#203
Operator / supplier-led charging model (infrastructure proposed by bidders and installed in public terminals; compensated via dedicated payment component)
#202
Fleet provider-led charging model (infrastructure installed by fleet provider; system may finance upgrades)
City or metropolitan region where the procurement process applies.
City / Region
São Paulo
Mexico City
Mexico City
Belém
Belém
Santiago
Santiago
Santiago
Main source of OPEX payment or revenue in the contractual arrangement.
OPEX payment or revenue source
Public payment (gross cost contract – operator paid per km, revenue centrally collected)
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition
Public remuneration per: vehicle acquisition; charging infrastructure acquisiton
Public remuneration per passenger transported
Not publicly available
Not applicable
Payment per km operated (system)
Payment per km operated (system)
OPEX payment or revenue values and units disclosed in the procurement.
OPEX payment or revenue values
Defined as R$/km (remuneration fare), periodically adjusted; varies by fleet type and cost structure
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal; final cost of procurement not yet disclosed
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal; final cost of procurement not yet disclosed
Maximum reference remuneration of BRL 3.76 per passenger transported
Not publicly disclosed
Unspecified; defined by bidders as part of their economic proposal. Electric buses are paid in 168 monthly installments, and diesel buses in 120. Number of installments determines contract duration
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 1,260 per km (diesel) and CLP 950 per km (electric); CLP 150 per passenger
Maximum reference remuneration of CLP 2,550 (≈ USD 2.68, as of 01 Oct 2025) per km operated by diesel buses and CLP 1,530 (≈1.61 USD ) per km by electric buses; fixed remuneration of CLP 150 (≈ USD 0.16) per passenger transported
Requirement for air conditioning in the vehicles, if specified
Air conditioning requirement
Required (inferred)
Not required
Not required
Not required
Required. Diesel Padron requires air refrigeration ≥165,000 BTU installed on the roof; diesel Conventional requires ≥130,000 BTU installed on the roof; technical warranty also explicitly covers the climatization system.
Recommended
Not required
Required for new buses
Minimum technical requirements for batteries and charging systems: autonomy, charging time, and charging type (slow, opportunity)
Battery charging specifications
Not publicly available
Minimum autonomy of 70 kilometers
Minimum autonomy of 300 km
Not publicly available
Not specified in the provided excerpts beyond inclusion of the respective electric charging system for Item C.
215 km / 50 km; 5h / 9 min
Unspecified; specifications defined in fleet provision procurement
200 km (slow) / 50 km (opportunity); 5h (slow) / 9 min (opportunity)
How energy price risk is allocated among stakeholders.
Energy price risk allocation*
Operator bears energy price risk (inferred)
Public authority (as operator and energy purchaser)
Public authority (as operator and energy purchaser)
Not publicly available
Not publicly available
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Operator bears energy price risk (not explicitly specified; inferred from model structure)
Charging model adopted in the procurement (e.g., depot charging, opportunity charging).
Charging model type*
Energy-as-a-service model: a private provider installs and operates charging infrastructure in operator depots, with service payments structured under public financing mechanisms.
Not publicly disclosed
Not publicly disclosed
Public infrastructure model: charging infrastructure publicly provided; operator uses system without CAPEX responsibility
Hybrid charging model: public authority provides core charging infrastructure/substations in public terminals, while the supplier provides charging equipment/system for the electric buses.
Operator / supplier-led charging model (infrastructure proposed by bidders and installed in public terminals; compensated via dedicated payment component)
Operator / supplier-led charging model (infrastructure proposed by bidders and installed in public terminals; compensated via dedicated payment component)
Fleet provider-led charging model (infrastructure installed by fleet provider; system may finance upgrades)